Foam Assisted Lift Technology to Improve Recovery Factor

Foam Assisted Lift Technology to Improve Recovery FactorPROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN petroleum ASSOCIATIONForty first Annual Convention Exhibition, May 2017Foam Assisted Lift Technology to Improve Recovery Factor from Sensitive well, lesson in condition(p) from be EP IndonesieRamot Sianturi*Jodi Astorifa Anggoro*Muhammad Nadrul Jamal*Chiko Eko Jatmiko*ABSTRACTTotal EP Indonesie (TEPI) currently produce 1600 MMSCFD of gas from 5 major gas fields, which are Tunu, Sisi-Nubi, South Mahakam, Peciko and Tambora. Except South Mahakam and Sisi-Nubi, all other fields are mature and already in declining end product. On some very sensitive gas surface, there incur been liquid loading line observed, a phenomena of inability to continuously uprise liquid from bore muss. The accumulated liquid increases hydrostatic mechanical press and eventually stop the healthy performance.As a solution, TEPI introduced a Foam Assisted Lift (FAL) technology in 2011 as a pilot flesh, and continued in 20 12-2013 on more than come up part of FAL trials. The doctrine of FAL is to gene order bubbles to reduce hydrostatic insistency, through surfactant guesswork from surface to down-hole using capillary string (CS) set under specific head preventative arrangement. Starting from the pilot phase, TEPI have performed several feelers and development of robust down-hole equipments, ope ration, and also the selection criteria of candidate wells.During several phases of FAL pilots, TEPI had defined the selection method and criteria of skilful FAL candidates good productivity (defined as Porosity x Net pay thickness), good offload response, compression and liquid ratio less than 60%, and bottom hole shut in pressure higher than guanine psi. The new selection criteria was fully use in 2015 campaign, and resulted in improved production in 10 wells. FAL is considered as proven technology to maintain production stability of very sensitive gas wells.Keywords Capillary string, liquid lo ading, spark assisted summit, selection criteria groundworkTotal EP Indonesia (TEPI) produces 1600 MMscfd in 2016, it was decreasing sharply from 2010 which could produced 2000 MMscfd. One of the main challenges to maintain the plateau production of TEPI is the liquid loading issue which manner the inability to lift liquid out from gas wells. This liquid loading issue triggers to self killing process as shown in approximate 1. In the beginning of wells life, well produced in high gas regulate and relatively dry. Through the time gas production decreases, piss starts to be produced and less energy to lift the liquid. As the consequence, liquid provide start to be accumulated in the borehole then eventually stop the well production.Liquid loading issue would eternally happened in gas wells, it just alone the matter of time. To minimize and longer wells life, until recently TEPI performs regular offload by decreasing Well theme Flowing Pressure (WHFP) close to atmospheric pre ssure and flaring, involving substantial means such as testing barge and personnel. These offloading activities present specific risks, non only for safety, personnel, and assets, notwithstanding also relate in environment from the flaring activity which results in Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. Moreover, this offloading is only temporary solution to salary increase the production. Therefore, a continuous offloading system is required to maintain the sustainability of production. Several technologies for continuous offloading are shown in T satisfactory 1.establish on Table 1, the most realizable technology to be applied is Foam Assisted Lift (FAL) through CS considering no energy required, comply with company rules, and less cost oppose to others. Principal of FAL is by creating foam at down-hole to reduce the hydrostatic pressure at wellbore in order to help the lifting of liquid to surface. The process sequence of FAL is shown in Figure 2Addition of surfactant inside the well will reduce gas-liquid surface tensionThe reduction of surface tension will impact to the reduction of liquid densityHydrostatic pressure will be reduce as the impact of lighter liquids densityReduction of hydrostatic pressure will beget more drawdown, delta pressure between reservoir pressure and bottom hole flowing pressure (BHFP)Additional drawdown will give more gas rate productionTechnology FAL has been developed in TEPI in 2011 as a pilot phase and continued in 2012-2013 on more wells as part of FAL trials. Starting from the pilot phase, TEPI have performed several progresss and development of robust down-hole equipments, operations, and also the criteria of candidate selection.CAPILLARY STRING INJECTION dodgeDown-hole EquipmentCS down-hole system is an additional tubing (injection system) that inserted inside production tubing. Even though additional CS inserted inside, TEPI still complies and respects to safety by keeping down-hole safety valve (DHSV) installed. It i s mandatory to equip subsurface safety valve in onshore and offshore wells in TEPI for safety social occasion as second breastwork if any damage or malfunction of surface system happened. Initially the DHSV opening and closing is controlled by hydraulic pressure from control panel but later on equipped with CS down-hole system, the opening and closing is controlled by surfactant pressure from surface surfactant facilities.DHSV in CS well is inserted or co-ordinated in a Weatherford Injection and Safety Hanger (WISH). The WISH hanger also locks the CS tubing, top and injection valve, and dual check valves as shown in the Figure 3. two-fold check valves are utilize at top and bottom injection valve to prevent well pressure from production tubing entering the system in CS tubing and DHSV control line. Besides that, the purpose of dual check valves also to prevent reverse flow of surfactant or fluid s from wells which is potentially could cause plugging. Top injection valve instal led immediately after WISH with purpose to pressurize and open DHSV at certain cracking pressure (2000 psi) then it will allow surfactant to flow to bottom part of CS tubing. Bottom injection valve is installed at the bottom part of the tubing with purpose to inject surfactant inside production tubing.Surface FacilitiesSurface facilities were designed to allow the surfactant injection from surface to wellbore with consideration to safety aspect, production reliability, and production availability. Whole surface facilities in CS well are shown in the Figure 4. CS surface facilities consist of several equipments as follow wetter tank Tank that utilise shall be made from metallic tank since based on MSDS, surfactant is consider as flammable fluid.Pump bed wetter injection meats type is positive displacement driven by instrument gas. In the earlier phase, installed pump is only one but due to the absolute frequency of pumps failure, it is decided to install dual pump with philosophy one in operation and one as seat-up.Pressure Switch High-High (PSHH) PSHH is installed to protect the equipment from overpressure due to stop outlet discharge of surfactant injection line or reverse flow from reservoir.Pressure Switch depressed-Low (PSLL) PSLL is installed to identify any leak/ rupture in the injection line or to identify if the pump stop working that could lead to pump cavitations.Pressure Safety Valve (PSV) PSV is installed at discharge line of pump to protect the surface facilitiesSurfactantCriteria that shall be considered during surfactant selection process are the foam efficiency and stability. Several laboratory tests have been performed to check and sustain these two criteria. Qualifications of surfactant that been used in TEPI are as followThe product could be used high temperature environmental ( 1760C) since it would be injected up to wellboreNo plugging issue cause by surfactant if injection stoppedCompatible with other chemicals that injected in the flow-line, i.e corrosion inhibitorCANDIDATE SELECTIONIn the early phase on 2011, candidate of CS wells were selected based on the wells behavior (stable or intermittent flow), offload frequency, turner rate, and response to shut in for pressure build up (SIBU). The preliminary step for candidate selection is the wells behavior review before going in to deeper to the other criteria. A well that suffered with liquid loading could be identified by increasing of water production rate, and then followed by sudden decrease of gas production rate and decreasing of liquid lift to surface that corresponding to the critical/ turner rate reached. The trend of WHFT also gives a good sign to do preliminary selection. skid 1 Well with Low Productivity and Low Gas Rate during offloadFigure 5 is one of CS wells production evolution profile that selected based on the selection criteria above. As shown in the graph, the well still gave response to the offload that performed on October 2012 with hi gh water production, 700 bwpd but in limited gas rate, 0.5 MMSCFD. This well clearly shown outflow problem as describes on liquid level column inside well based on pressure and temperature survey that given on Figure 6.CS was installed on May 2013, but there was no significant improvement in gas production even it was clearly confirm that the well has issue in liquid lifting. Existence of water and response to offload could not ensure the successful of FAL, cut off of gas rate required to ensure the agitation and mixing between liquid and gas needs to be defined as well. Besides that, the productivity of the well needs to be checked as well. As shown in the IPR and VLP curve, well with higher productivity will give higher gain in any changes on VLP shape.Case 2 Well with Higher Condensate Liquid RatioFigure 7 is sample of CS well that have high condensate ratio in liquid, 80% of condensate in liquid. Based on the graph, gas rate production since October 2012 shown decreasing trend but still responsive to SIBU and offload (Qgas rate offload on August 2013 gave value 1.5 MMSCFD). Considering the initial selection criteria, this well was a good candidate for CS, but after installed with CS, there was no significant improvement. Unsuccessful result potentially caused by the existence of high condensate rate. Since surfactant that used as FAL is water base, it would create foam if only water exist in the certain composition. If liquid consist more condensate, foam will not be created and the impact potentially will give additional back pressure to the well itself.Case 3 Well with Low Bottom Hole Shut In Pressure (BHSIP)Well in Figure 8 was installed with CS since August 2013. As shown in the graph, even though the well shown positive response in offload (Qgas rate at 3 MMSCFD) and mainly produced water instead of condensate, the result after CS instauration did not show positive improvement. Reviewing further from reservoir point of view, this well indicated a g ood productivity but the pressure (BHSIP) has been at low value.Based on the result on CS wells that selected based on criteria above (conventional approach), found that criteria above were still not capable enough to give higher success ratio. As in cases above, several parameters should be included in the selection process, such as productivity, response to offload, condensate liquid ratio, and BHSIP. statistical approach has been performed to define the new selection that could give higher success ratio. Based on the review, parameters or criteria that could improve the success ratio are as followProductivityAs shown in the Figure 5, more gain could be reached in the high productivity wells. The unloading of well with FAL through CS would give additional drawdown in front of the reservoirs. In the same drawdown, the higher gain would be given by the well with higher productivity. In TEPI, the productivity is represented by the height cypher with the porosity. The higher the heig ht and porosity, the higher would be the productivity. In order to improve the success ratio of CS wells, TEPI implemented the cut-off productivity at value 250.Response to OffloadFAL by surfactant does not bring any additional energy to the system. The well itself should be able to revive by itself in order to activate the foaming effect efficiently and effectively. Therefore, response to the offload is important to confirm CS candidate earlier the installation. Good candidate for CS shall have an improvement in gas rate and liquid production at atmospheric pressure compared to LP. Based on review in existing CS wells, cut-off value to confirm candidate CS that implemented in TEPI is 1.3 MMSCFD in offload condition.Condensate liquid ratioCondensate is natural killer of foam. It would collapse the existence of foam. Based on laboratory test, minimum of 40% water in the liquid is still commensurate to create effective and stable foam. Therefore, the ratio of condensate and water ne eds to be considered as well during the selection candidate process.BHSIPBHSIP value could be used to represent reservoir pressure. Therefore, candidate for CS wells shall still have high BHSIP, it would not be too depleted reservoirs. Even though BHISP is used as one of the criteria, needs to be careful in the selection process since higher BHSIP could be also due to higher liquid column.Case 4 Well that Selected Based on New Selection CriteriaNew selection criteria that are included the cut-off productivity, gas rate during offload, condensate liquid ratio, and BHSIP have been fully implemented in 2015. TN-H13 is one of CS well that already selected based on this selection criteria.Productivity that represents by the value of height multiply with porosity is 460 meanwhile the cut-off is at 250Last offload that performed on August 2013 still gave value at 2.6 MMSCFD meanwhile the cut-off is at 1.3 MMSCFDCondensate ratio was at 34% before CS installed meanwhile the cut-off is at 60 %BHSIP based on pressure and temperature monitoring is at 1600 psi meanwhile the cut-off is at 1000 psiAs shown in Figure 9, occupation trend from point A (February 2014) to point B (May 2014) shown decreasing trend and limited water lifted to surface. In the end of May 2014, after reviewed based on new selection criteria, well gave significant improvement in gas rate after installed with CS. Gas production from point B (0.7 MMSCFD) increase to point C (2.5 MMSCFD) and then gave stable production. Good response to the FAL technology also given by the increasing of water rate that could lifted to surface.These new selection criteria have been fully implemented in 15 wells along 2015 and gave production improvement in 10 wells.DOWNHOLE MEMORY GAUGEAs part of learning process, beside define the new selection criteria, the impact of surfactant injection rate on reduction of BHFP needs to be evaluated as well. The method to evaluate this BHFP reduction is by installing memory gauge at t he edge of CS tubing. Total memory gauges installed are 5.TN-H13 is selected based on the new selection criteria and it gave positive result in gas production after installed with CS. Positive impact on the gas production could be explained in Figure 10.Performed test was by varying the injection rate through several periods. It was started with low injection rate to maximum injection rate. Stabilization period was given each time injection rate changed. The purpose of stabilization period is to have same baseline in each step of injection rate.Increasing of injection rate gave inline result with increasing pressure reduction of BHFP.At the end of the trial, surfactant injection was stopped in order to see the impact in pressure reduction of BHFP. From Figure 10, it is clearly shown that by stopping surfactant injection, BHFP would be back to initial value. Therefore, it could be concluded that the addition of surfactant obviously gives positive response to production improvement.T he addition of CS gave reduction of BHFP by 160 275 psi, which means additional drawdown is given to the well that will impact to additional gas rate.CONCLUSIONSFully implementation of new selection criteria (productivity, response to offload, condensate liquid ratio, and BHSIP) are applied in 2015 campaign. It is confirmed that the implementation could improved production in more than 10 wells.Surfactant injection inside the well that suffered with liquid is confirmed could give additional drawdown that impact to the addition of gas rate production as confirmed from memory gauge installation result.FAL is considered as proven technology to maintain production stability of very sensitive gas wells.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors gratefully acknowledge permission from SKK MIGAS, INPEX, and TOTAL to publish this paper. Our biggest gratitude is also gives to all parties who provided valuable comments and inputs during the planning of this paper.REFERENCELea, James, Henry Nickens, and Mik e Wells. (2008). Gas Well Deliquification. 2nd Edition. Gulf Professional Publishing.Table 1. Dewatering TechnologiesFigure 1. Liquid Loading Phenomena in Gas WellsFigure 2. Process Sequence of FALFigure 3. CS down-hole configurationFigure 4. Process Flow Diagram and Emergency Shut Down (ESD) systemFigure 5. Production Evolution of TN-B1Figure 6. Gradient Pressure in Shut in and Flowing Phase of TN-B1Figure 7. Production Evolution of TN-N25Figure 8. Production Evolution of TN-P13Figure 9. Production Evolution of TN-H13Figure 10. Memory Gauge Result of TN-H13

Changing Advertising Trends In Pakistan

Changing Advertising Trends In PakistanThis explore watch unveils trends of publicizing in Pakistan and to reflect and monitor the evolution of trends in the dynamic Pakistani advertising manufacture, a research study has been designed and conducted to analyze various insights linked to advertising agencies, marketers and media planners operating in Pakistan and their inter-relations and preferences in planning, developing and implementing advertising.For agencies this research provides a frame take for comparing their image, position and perceived performance against separate agencies, and hence is a valuable to a faultl to guide them to more productive partner channels with marketers and to overcome the barriers set about by them.. For marketers, beyond image and perception of agencies, this study also provides important insights into agency selection methods, agency evaluation and compensation trends.It contains various views of marketers about what is the meaning of adv ertising in their opinions, Also feedbacks argon addressed about effects of advertising generates the sales figure, product aw atomic number 18ness or customer satisfaction. Various concerns of marketers are also addressed in this research study about their agency selection, reason for changing the germinal agency. Preferred methods by the marketers to hunt down for the suited creative agency which understand the tastes of the marketers and meet their advertising needs profitably for the marketers, also preferred medium of pay off for the agency credentials are addressed in the study weather most of the marketers prefer to pay on monthly basis fee to the agency and progress to themselves bound to get all the their advertising from single agency or they prefer to pay on project base and are not bound to get the work through from single creative agency.It also includes media planners opinions about weather consumer research is important prior to on air a campaign to distinguish wh ich conversation channel would be appropriate for the promotion of campaign in order to hit the right target audience through the right dialogue medium. A reason for selecting a media agency is also addressed in this research study.Literature reviewMore guests are smell for like-minded business partners who tin can deliver accountability and shareholder value and, similarly, agencies wish to rise to the challenge and are throwing off their historic mantle of creative aloofness. More leaf nodes are looking for like-minded business partners who can deliver accountability and shareholder value and, similarly, agencies wish to rise to the challenge and are throwing off their historic mantle of creative aloofnessNever write an advertisement which you wouldnt exigency your family to read. You wouldnt tell lies to your own wife. Dont tell them to mine(David Ogilvy).According to the current situation we are so fixated on the form (TV slip and print ad) and that is the reason that our creativity is restricted due to space parameters. More and more creativity if unavoidable because the future will be about creative ideas and the idea itself will de borderine the shapes and forms that it will take. Brand building effort has to go far beyond the 30 second advertising break or full print page to step change masses connectivity. It needs to do real time engaging opportunities to win the hearts and minds of race. Creating a mug make love will win the heart of people with some location-based experiences which will engage the brain and heart of the people. They need to get emotionally engage with experience so that they can experience the deformity with by getting totally indulge in that either consciously or sub consciously. It will place out the audience by watching typical commercial clutter by which they became irritated by watching it again and again. This gives them the time and space to distribute the brand. It is not about the medium but the idea that is of paramount importance when it comes to creating an experience (Shoaib qureshy,2005) I witnessed an incident while works at red communication arts on Servis account. Don Carlos TVC was made in which this brand was re launched and when the ad was on aired after few weeks the conversion for that brand raiment purchase fall down because consumer thinking was changed about that brand ones it was perceived as one of the prestigious brands. An unofficial sales figure was shared by the client which was reflecting the down fall in sales. According to the feedback taken from different individuals they reason diagnosed was that after viewing the current ad Doc Carlos seems them an ordinary brand .Its previous ads was representing the prestige of that brand with a mystery and in the current ones there was no mystery at all and the earlier TVC and leave lasting impact on consumers memory who are fan of this brand. (Faizan gull,2010 )Advertising in Pakistan still keeps reeling from the c reative flair and the execution that it requires there is no begin to make an investment in people to develop nurture and groom the raw talent that we have in abundance. Looking out for quality employee by employers will always kill the chance to go in fresh minded talent which may deliver much creative idea and One more reason of restricted growth of the advertising industry can also be attributed to the ground realities of the Pakistani market. Like all other businesses advertising too should not be expected to perform in isolation. It performance depends heavily on the performance of the other sectors of the economy as well.(Ahmad Kapadia,2011)A research study was conducted to analyze the mediums ie serious advertisements humorous advertising. The study unveils that Humorous ads have higher attention than serious ads as compared with serious ads.( Khadam Ali Shah Bukhari,2008). The perception of people about effects of naked as a jaybird advertising trends according to our cu ltures in our society should be studied by the companies before making any kind of advertisements because if people or customers are not satisfied then businesses cannot flourish and this the major drawback in the growth of advertising . internet and some other causes are already adversely affecting the culture and traditions of our society and if we didnt revise our advertisements then it can worsen the moral and ethical values of our society therefore it is potently recommended that advertising agencies, marketers and all the companies themselves should make sure that the selling campaigns do include all the social- groups and people and are also in consistent with our traditions, social norms and values and for this it is strongly recommended to make proper consumer research prior to launch a campaign.(Mohammad usman,2010)Brand managers are limited to the current typical advertising they dont want to try something new and innovative for their brands. Their opinion is based on t he fact that digital is free and spending on it to book space will not be honourable so they dont want to risk to try something new which may built their brand strong enough in the minds of consumers.(Salman Abedin,2010)Creativity is limited in Pakistan because marketers dont want to take risks with brands and try something new .They are just stick to the story board of the ad and their core focus is just to fill three raw material elements ie Positioning ,brand logo and tagline which they feel that an ad is complete after getting done with these three elements in an ad and many of the consumers are attracted to this approach because the product is already in demand and those ads just serve as recall nothing more than that. Their aim is just to link the emplacement to the story board, high quality visuals and somewhat humor. But we miss out on the conceptual connectivity element(Sarosh waiz ,2009)A worst example of advertising been done in Islamabad which is known to be capital c ity of Pakistan on a dazzling display of brightly colored advertisements plastered on jersey barriers, these ads create an awkward tableau of peppy and worst marketing ever seen on barriers which may also divert the attention of driver while starring on it and the result could be an serious accident.(David Nakamura,2010)Shoaib QureshyAnalytical frameworkCriteria to select ad agencyCreativity is the key Meaning of advertising Criteria to select media agency cipher when selecting Customer loyalty Negotiate good rates with mediaa creative agency Increase sales International networkMost widely use Expense Research toolsMethod is Strategic rip Reasons for firing agencyto hire a creative agency Lack of creativityMisunderstanding client businessLack of transparencyEffectiveness requiredCompany has other needsBad serviceBrand building communicatorTelevisionPrint alfrescoOnline35% marketers believed advertising means attracting customer loyalty whereas another 25% believed its meant for inc reasing sales. However, a group of 25% marketers also believed advertising is a marketing expense.45% marketers believe advertising is most effective when it achieves Sales. However30% voted for product awareness. Only 25% marketers believe customer satisfaction proves real affectivity of advertising.60% marketers are currently satisfied with their advertising agency which shows strong marketer confidence on advertising talent available in Pakistan.On the other hand, marketers who showed mistrust among their current advertising agencies quoted various reasons for doing so.35% of marketers marked lack of creativity as core reason for changing their advertising agencies. This shows that marketers are interested with the lack of new ideas and innovation in communication that drives their brand image against competitors. This also creates a new opportunity for other more successful agencies to pitch new ideas to such unsatisfied clients and expand their client portfolios.Amongst Adverti sing Agencies, Interflow Communications stood out as the best well known advertising agency in Pakistan. However, amongst the international agencies, Ogilvy Mather was rated the best well know agency in Pakistan.30% of advertising professionals in Pakistan think that Creativity is the key criteria for marketers to select their advertising agencies. This show a clear connect between marketer expectation and agency understanding towards criteria for selection of creative agency which is a favorable sign. But the concerning mover is that 30% is a very less ratio compared to the remaining advertising fraternity who need to realize this key expectation from marketers looking for competent creativity.70% of advertising professionals believes the most common method marketers deploy to select their media or creative agencies is by calling a creative or strategic pitch.A surprisingly 50% respondents voted for Retainer fee model being followed in Pakistan which highlights a strong commitmen t and loyalty amongst marketers and agencies to work on long term basis with a loyal commitment to each other.45% and 53% media planners respectively suggest Television being most effective and key communication driver for implementing a brand building and sales promotion campaign in Pakistan. Whereas Print media takes secondary preference with 25% and 26% voting respectively.65% media planners in Pakistan believe a media research on consumer habits and lifestyle is necessary before devising a media plan which positively increases the chances of campaign success. This is an encouraging office and supports a scientific planning approach towards media spending which decreases the risk of campaign failure towards media objectives.35% of media planners think negotiating good rates with media is most important for marketers when selecting their media agencies whereas 20% think its the availability of planning tools and resources to conduct research based media plans which count moreRese arch HypothesisH1Majority of marketers believe sales as an affectivity neb for advertising. This discourages brand building attitude in the advertising environment which can hamper the way of strong local brands arising out of Pakistan.H2Advertising agencies need to recruit more inspiring creative talent to match marketer expectationH3Enough advertising agencies need to realize that marketers primarily seek Creativity as key expectation for selecting a creative agency. Currently only 30% are aware of this expectation which requires the other 70% to realize the same.H4Marketers not rely much upon advertising agencies team work due to lack of creativity or limited creativity being generatedH5Media planners emphasize to conduct proper consumer research prior to on air the promotional campaign to hit the target audience as desired by the marketer because currently it has not precondition any importance.H6Most marketers are on retainer basis with advertising agencies to avoid the hass le to hunt down different agencies to get their work done by sacrificing on quality and relying on limited creativity generated from one specific agency in an agreement with the marketer on retainer ship basisH7The main reason for which the marketer change the creative agency is lack of creativityMethodologyThe research methodology used to undertake this research study is questionnaire based. Three surveys have been conducted with sample size of 20 respondents per survey. First survey was conducted with Marketers from various companies being the primary brand custodians. Second survey was conducted with executives working at various advertising agencies in Pakistan responsible for conducting the brand research, formulating communication strategy and developing creative campaigns on behalf of the marketers. Finally third survey was conducted with media planners working at various media agencies in Pakistan responsible for planning and monitoring the execution of campaign.Recommendat ionsRegulatory bodies such as All Pakistan Newspaper Society (APNS), Advertising necktie of Pakistan (APP) and Marketing Association of Pakistan need to conduct joint awareness workshops and conferences where key representatives from Advertising and Marketing and Media industries should participate in identifying issues and malpractices of distorted and unproductive trends and devise tack on solutions to the same. Sup the advertising trends through their knowledge, interaction and practices. These inputs or drivers of current prevailing advertising trends in Pakistan affect the outgrowth of this industry in various ways. The negatively affecting elements need to be reviewed and redefined by regulatory bodies such as All Pakistan Newspaper Society and Marketing Association of Pakistan to promulgate ascending industry growth.ConclusionFinally I would conclude that Advertising in Pakistan will remain static and room for improvement will always be required if focus will not be given t o the above mentioned problems. Marketers are also not paying attention to this issue as they are tortuous in meeting the timelines for tasks delegated by their higher authorities so advertising agencies also care for their timelines and deliver them low quality work in trivial timelines. Also media planners are just concerned to buy air time for marketers and get their amount rather than suggesting them a good communication medium depending upon the client expectation and budget.

A Complete Turnaround Essay -- essays research papers

A Complete TurnaroundSharon Olds poesy, The Victims, deals with an underlying musical composition of abuse. Olds illustrates this theme through the t ace of the poem, which is achieved by imagistic language, rhyme and rhythm. In this poem the speaker is illustrated through two points of view, first as a child then as an adult reflecting back on a troublesome childhood experience. As the speakers point of view changes so does the use of poetic devices.The poem opens with the speaker remembering the behaviors of an abusive father when she was a child. The t adept at this point was one of disgust, hatred, spite, and taking joy in her fathers failures. This was due to the fact that she was taught to feel this way by her mother. As a child she was not aware of this. It was not until adulthood that she agnize her feeling of resentment towards her father were evoked by her mother. The speaker, herself, was not the victim of her fathers abusive behavior nonetheless she still hated him be cause thats the only way she knew how to feel. These feelings are shown through the imagistic language used to reveal the acts of revenge on the father. When the mother finally divorced the father, her kids loved it (3-4). When the father was blast from his job, we grinned inside (5-6). The pleasure that the entire family took watching their fathers demise was quite vivid. We were tickled to think of your office taken away, youre secretaries taken away (7-9). The decisiveness of the fathers loses was shown by the taking away of his pencils and reams of paper at his job (11). The images used in the first 16 lines are very puritanic and gloomy and are associated with death. This is as if to represent the familys way of killing him through his loses. The suits that belonged to the father were depicted as dark carcasses that hung in your closet (13) and Olds specifically pointed out that even the noses of his shoes were black (14). After the first 16 lines of the poem, the feelings o f hated by the spea... ...poem reflects the speakers dissent and hatred of her father. She was expressing her anger, and when one is angered they t give notice to speak abruptly and choppy. As the speakers attitude towards her father changes, so does the punctuation in the poem. From line seventeen until the end of the poem there are no stops. There is only one period and that occurs in line 26. The poem definitely proceeds at a smoother pace. It shows that the speaker is calmer, and more relaxed. Her words flow together. Her feelings of rage and resentment to her father have subsided and feelings of sympathy and remorse have taken over. During the course of this poem the speaker has done a complete turnaround. The point of view she once held as a child has given way to a different one later in life. Her anger and hatred have turned into sympathy and regret. Olds effectively uses imagistic language and rhyme and rhythm to portray the speakers hawk in tone. What she was taught as a child was not who she truly felt inside. Not only was her mother a victim, but her father was as well. She is qualified to overcome her hatred, and find her true feelings for her father later in life.

Ford Motor Company Essay -- essays research papers

It was once said, Those who do not study the past are deemed to twin it. On the brink of the new twenty-first century it is important for us at the hybridisation Motor Company to take a look at our past to see what has worked and what has not in order to set the standards for the self-propelling industry. It is also imperative to take a close look at what our competitors have done because we can also receive from their mistakes as well as improve on some of their ideas that have worked for them. It is important to realize that the world is ever changing and therefore what people want, and the commercialize for automobiles is changing as well. Therefore we must first take a look into our competitors, and our pasts before we can then begin to look toward the future of the Ford Motor Company in the 21st century.It was a little over one hundred year ago that Henry Ford first came up with his dream to create an automobile that would change the world. Although it was Henrys dreams and drive for success that lead him to his achievements it was not without the three giants-steel, oil, and transportation, that were the building blocks for the Ford Motor Company. From the origination he knew that in order to sell his product and make his company a success he would have to be able to appeal to the masses. At this time Ford was not the only man to be in the sm each but growing automobile industry. There were others such as David Buick, save Olds, and Billy Durant, who were also trying their luck in this new market. At this time owning an automobile was almost impossible unless one was quite wealthy. Although Buick, Olds, and Durant were all producing autos they were all having trouble selling their products because their production costs were too high. These costs were reflected onto their selling price, which was very hard to afford for most of the working class. This is what caused their financial troubles and helped Ford trigger into the market. He understood th at in order to make his company a success he would have to make his automobile one that could be afforded by the masses. While the other producers of autos were more concerned with who had the bigger, better, and faster automobile, Ford had a different focus. His philosophy was I will build a motor car for the great multitudeit will be so low in price that no manwill be unable to own one. It was for the undermentioned five years, a young Henry Ford d... ... by the Chrysler Corp. The minivan market is still growing because of the capacity that it offers, its affordability, and efficiency. Although at this time the SUV is the fastest growing market, it is tempestuous to put more effort into it due to the fact that the bigger, faster, gas guzzler craze is probably nothing but a craze, especially as we travel into a more environmentally safe future. This has been seen before in the early eighties when this same craze took place right before gas prices jumped and the act to a more efficient automobile took place. American car companies were not ready for this and foreign markets became much more popular. In order not to repeat this history, more emphasis should be placed on the development of a new and efficient minivan that will surpass GM and Chrysler.In conclusion, as we spark through the beginning of a new century we must first look to our past to learn what has worked and what has not. After doing so, we can then begin to swot up our plans that will move us ahead with the changing times. This can, and will be, accomplished as the Ford Motor Company moves back on top of the automotive industry where it started almost 100 years ago.

Hemingways A Farewell to Arms Receives Positive Criticism Essay

Hemingways A valedictory to Arms Receives Positive Criticism print in 1929, Ernest Hemingway finished A Farewell to Arms when he was barely 30 years old. Hemingway had been planning on writing about World contend I for more than a decade, and chose A Farewell to Arms to be his attempt at a blockbuster, a novel which would sell very well.1 This image is supported by the fact that one of Hemingways original works, presumably loss in the fiasco of Hadleys luggage, was also a war novel, emphasizing Hemingways firm picture in the importance of war and love as a theme. By this time, of course, Hemingway was already fairly well known, having already published four short report card collections and one successful novel in The Sun Also Rises. In this sense, Hemingways timing in his quest for a big seller was perfect. Fortunately for Hemingway the support did sell, and although he was already close to being a bestseller at the time of A Farewell to Arms publishing, the novel went o n to lead best-seller lists after exclusively a few weeks in publication. In contrast to the lack of money-making power of Fitzgeralds novels, A Farewell to Arms sold 45,000 copies in only seven weeks in fact, the interest in the book was so high Scribners had to renegotiate Hemingways contract following the unexpectedly large sales statistics.2Although at this time declaring the novel a popular success almost worked against its being recognized as a good literary work, the initial reply for A Farewell to Arms was nonetheless strong. Especially impressed were the people Hemingway cared about the most his fellow famous authors. Ford Madox Ford, in an introduction he wrote for a 1932 publication of the novel, wrote of Hemingway The aim - the achieveme... ...positive reception from his peers. Although in later years Hemingway turns on many of these fellow writers who praised him so lavishly, (see responding to Fitzgeralds 10 pages of criticism with kiss my ass) their critical acclaim helped launch him to writer superstardom.1 Linda Wagner-Martin. Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms A Reference Guide. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT (2003), p. viii.2 Ibid., p. i-viii.3 Ford Madox Ford in Introduction to Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms (1932) p. 246, from Wagner-Martin Reference Guide.4 www.allhemingway.com/afta/46585 Ibid.6 Ray B. West (1949) in Harold Bloom. Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms Modern Critical Interpretations. Chelsea tolerate Publishers, New York, 1987. p. 36.7 Charles R. Anderson (1961) from Ibid., p. 46.8 www.allhemingway.com/afta/46589 Wagner-Martin, p. 175-180.

The Norse Viking Age Essay -- Expansion of the Vikings

In most cases, the Norse Viking Age is recorded to go for officially began in 793 AD with the first recorded raid by means of to 1066 AD, ending with the Battle of Hastings. However, these dates vary upon scholars. The Battle of Hastings wasnt exactly the end of the Viking Age, because the Norse were spread out across Europe and Viking raids continued to film orient in other locations. With that said, dating the conclusion of the Viking Age is fairly generic because Viking raids were sporadic in many locations and when one sports stadium was under control, another area was being raided. Additionally, because Viking raiders werent unified efforts and most Norsemen tended to vikingr (raid) at their own whim. This places the conclusion of the Viking Age at approximately the starting line of the 12th Century-ish. This is also about the time when Norse and other Kingdoms were becoming increasingly solidified and more able to repel Viking incursions. This was also around the time when the Christianization of Northern Europe and Norse dominated lands began to take a firmer hold. So dating the exact end of the Viking Age is vague at best. The same can be said about the approximate beginning of the Viking Age as well. Although its officially marked by most scholars as beginning in 793 AD with the raid on the Lindisfarne Monastery, however it wasnt a untested concept to go vikingr (raid). Viking raids were already occurring in a vast range of other areas, including France. The most accepted official start of the Viking Age is recorded to have begun on June 8th, 793 AD when Norse raiders landed on the island of Lindisfarne and attacked the Christian Monastery located there, killing the monks and seizing the valuables. Viking raids by op... ...This left Alfred in command and the West Saxon and Viking armies met and the battle itself lasted all day. Bagsecg was killed along with his five Danish Jarls. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle King Bag secg was slain by a sword while Halfdan fled from the field of study with the rest of the army back to Reading. The Battle of Ashdown itself was a limited West Saxon Victory.The Battle of Basing was a battle on January 22nd, 871 AD at anile Basing in what is now the English county of Hampshire. It was one of a series of battles that took place following an invasion of the then kingdom of Wessex by an army of Danes, remnants of the merged gravid Heathen Army and Great Summer Army. The Danes had established a camp at Reading and the previous battles of Englefield, the Battle of Reading and the Battle of Ashdown, had proved irresolute with victories to both sides.

Murray Shisgals The Typists :: essays research papers

The play by Murray Shisgal, The Typists, is about two people who work during their lifetime at a firm, type the addresses of prospective customers. Through their speeches we see that the play talks about hopelessness, routine and fear of change. Most of the characters motives are explained through the Freudian idea of superego, or, in other words, the part of peoples psique which is related to discipline, judgment of the society, guilt, pride, self-discipline and self- punishment. In this paper, Ill make an attempt to illustrate these themes in the play. despondency is seen through the setting. At the rear of the stage there is a window and through it the sun streams as the play progresses it fades imperceptibly until, at the end, the room is near in complete darkness. Apart from the obvious reason, which would be the course of a day, the sun, here, is a symbol of glory, success and faith. We can interpret it by saying that at the beginning of the play, when Paul and Sylvia are s till young, at twenty-odd years of age, they still have hopes of a better future. It is shown through Pauls emulation of working and studying law to guarantee a better living, and Sylvias intentions of marrying and abandoning her family. As the time goes we notice only disappointments and attempts to change their lives. These attempts are not prosperous as they are hopeless, shown by their fear to abandon the firm and conquer a better job. Working in that office is for them the only way of living. some other theme that appears in the play is the routine. Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot explores the same theme. Habit is something that makes us feel secure. It is a guarantee that we will be alive the adjoining day as the present has a succession, which is to wake up next morning and do everything again. Since Paul starts working in the office, Sylvia passes to him her routine. Nothing can be alternated. She tells him strike each key with the same steady rhythm () dont move your h ead, keep your eyes on the material youre typewriting. The steady rhythm to strike the keys, the expressions dont move and keep refer to lack of alternation and it means routine. Not only this, when Paul suggests to break Sylvias habit of having lunch always at 1p.m. and have it at 130p.